BPYC-105 Solved Assignment January 2026 | LOGIC | IGNOU BA

Q: Answer one of the following: What is a proposition? Write a note on the modern categorization of proposition. Or choose to answer the following sub-questions:

Answer available — download the full PDF for complete details.

Q: Answer any two of the following questions in about 200 words each.

Answer available — download the full PDF for complete details.

Q: Write a short note on any five of the following in about 100 words each.

Answer available — download the full PDF for complete details.

Q1. Write a detailed note on informal fallacies. Or What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning? Discuss in detail.

Key Points:

Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to specific, certain conclusions.
Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to general, probable conclusions.
Deductive conclusions are guaranteed if premises are true (validity/soundness).
Inductive conclusions are probable, not certain, even with true premises (strength/cogency).

Answer: Reasoning is a fundamental aspect of logic, involving the process of drawing conclusions from premises. In logic, arguments are primarily categorized into two types: deductive and inductive reasoning. Understanding their differences is crucial for evaluating the soundness and strength of arguments. **Deductive Reasoning** Deductive reasoning starts with general statements or premises and moves towards a specific, certain conclusion. Its characteristic is that if the premises are true, the conc...

Q2. Answer one of the following: What is a proposition? Write a note on the modern categorization of proposition. Or choose to answer the following sub-questions:

(a)) Write a detailed note on the square of opposition. (200 words)
(b)) State contrary, contradictory, sub contrary, subaltern and superaltern of the following propositions: (i) All triangles are polygon. (ii) Some Indian citizens are not Indian voter. (200 words)

Key Points:

The Square of Opposition illustrates logical relationships between A, E, I, O categorical propositions.
Contradictory propositions (A-O, E-I) always have opposite truth values.
Contrary propositions (A-E) cannot both be true, but can both be false.
Subcontrary propositions (I-O) cannot both be false, but can both be true.

Answer:

Q3. Answer any two of the following questions in about 200 words each.

(a)) What is the difference between mediate and immediate inference? Elaborate with the help of adequate example. (200 words)
(b)) Distinguish among Tautologous, Contradictory and Contingent logical forms. (200 words)
(c)) What is a truth table? Test the validity of the following argument with the help of the indirect truth table method. (P v Q) (R S) (S v T) U P U (200 words)
(d)) What do you understand by propositional logic? (200 words)

Key Points:

Immediate inference derives conclusions from a single premise, e.g., Conversion, Obversion.
Mediate inference derives conclusions from two or more premises, e.g., Syllogism.
Tautology is always true (P v ~P), Contradiction is always false (P ^ ~P).
Contingent forms can be true or false depending on component truth values (P -> Q).

Answer:

Q4. Answer any four of the following questions in about 150 words each.

(a)) Write a note on the relation between truth and validity in Inductive Logic. (150 words)
(b)) Construct formal proof of validity. 1) (∃x) [Jx A Kx] 2) (x) [Jx => Lx] ∴ (∃x) [Lx A Kx] (150 words)
(c)) Write a short note on the Truth Functions. (150 words)
(d)) Write a short note on Indian Logic. (150 words)
(e)) State whether the subject and predicate terms in the following propositions are distributed or undistributed. 1. All goats are mammals. 2. Some buildings are tall. 3. Some fruits are not sweet. 4. All officers in the Indian navy are trained in swimming. 5. No government employee is illiterate (150 words)
(f)) Identify the subject term, predicate term, quantifier and copula in the following categorical propositions: 1. All animal rights activists are people who are motivated by empathy. 2. Some mangoes are not sweet fruits. (150 words)

Key Points:

Inductive validity (strength) means premises make conclusion probable, not certain.
Formal proofs use rules like EI, UI, Simp, MP, Conj, EG to derive conclusions.
Truth functions are logical connectives where compound truth value depends on simple truth values.
Indian Logic (Nyaya) focuses on pramanas and five-membered inference (Pratijna, Hetu, Udaharana, Upanaya, Nigamana).

Answer: This document provides comprehensive answers to six sub-questions related to Logic (BPYC-105), covering topics such as the relationship between truth and validity in inductive logic, formal proof of validity, truth functions, Indian logic, distribution of terms in categorical propositions, and identification of components in categorical propositions. Each answer adheres to specific word limits and is structured for clarity and academic accuracy, drawing upon fundamental principles of logic.

Q5. Write a short note on any five of the following in about 100 words each.

(a)) Pararthanumana (100 words)
(b)) Modus Tollens (100 words)
(c)) Connotation of a term (100 words)
(d)) Fallacy of Equivocation (100 words)
(e)) Quantity (Categorical Proposition) (100 words)
(f)) Dilemma (100 words)
(g)) Existential Import (100 words)
(h)) Three kinds of definition (100 words)

Key Points:

Pararthanumana is Indian logic's public inference, using a five-step Nyaya syllogism for demonstration.
Modus Tollens: Valid deductive form (If P then Q, Not Q, therefore Not P).
Connotation defines a term's implied attributes or meaning, distinct from its denotation (extension).
Fallacy of Equivocation uses a key term with multiple meanings within an argument, leading to invalidity.

Answer:

BPYC-105 Solved Assignment — January 2026 / July 2025

LOGIC | IGNOU Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) (BA)

BPYC-105—January 2026 / July 2025

LOGIC

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BPYC-105 Assignment Questions — January 2026

Q1. Write a detailed note on informal fallacies. Or What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning? Discuss in detail.

Q2. Answer one of the following: What is a proposition? Write a note on the modern categorization of proposition. Or choose to answer the following sub-questions:

Q3. Answer any two of the following questions in about 200 words each.

Q4. Answer any four of the following questions in about 150 words each.

Q5. Write a short note on any five of the following in about 100 words each.

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